Explanation for increased incidence of non-disjunction with age in females

Gametogenesis (genetic/congenital disorders):
1. Give an explanation for increased incidence of non-disjunction with age in females.
2. Describe the correlation between parental ages and genetic/congenital disorders.
3. Describe teratocarcinoma including location, cause and form. 15
4. How embryonic stem cell lines area related to teratocarcinoma and how are they used in research? What would be their potential clinical use?
5. Identify karyotypes and know the common names, life expectancy, prevalence and major systems of the following abnormalities of chromosome number Trisomy 21; Trisomy 18 &Trisomy 13;
6. Explain why sex chromosome non-disjunctions are more common than autosomes. List the karyotype for Turners and Klinefelter’s Syndrome.